vault backup: 2026-08-08 19:01:04
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---
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tags: [pattern/auth, rbac, role-inheritance, separation-of-duty, access-control]
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create time: 2026-08-08 15:30
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update time: 2026-08-08 15:30
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---
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# RBAC 权限模型
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## 概述
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RBAC(Role-Based Access Control)是一种基于角色分配访问权限的模型,是目前企业级应用中最主流的权限管理方案。它的核心思想是**将用户与角色关联,而非将用户与权限直接绑定**——这层间接大大降低了权限管理的复杂度。
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## 五张表设计
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### 表结构定义
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```sql
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-- 1. 用户表
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CREATE TABLE users (
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id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
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username VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
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password_hash VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL,
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email VARCHAR(128),
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status TINYINT DEFAULT 1 COMMENT '1-active 0-disabled',
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created_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
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);
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-- 2. 角色表
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CREATE TABLE roles (
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id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
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name VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
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description VARCHAR(256),
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is_super TINYINT DEFAULT 0 COMMENT '是否超级管理员',
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parent_id BIGINT DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '父角色ID(用于继承)',
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created_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
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);
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-- 3. 权限表
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CREATE TABLE permissions (
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id BIGINT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
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code VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL UNIQUE COMMENT '权限标识如 user:create',
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resource VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL COMMENT '资源类型: user/order/bucket',
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action VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL COMMENT '操作: create/read/update/delete',
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description VARCHAR(256)
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);
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-- 4. 用户-角色(多对多)
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CREATE TABLE user_roles (
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user_id BIGINT NOT NULL,
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role_id BIGINT NOT NULL,
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PRIMARY KEY (user_id, role_id),
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FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES users(id),
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FOREIGN KEY (role_id) REFERENCES roles(id)
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);
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-- 5. 角色-权限(多对多)
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CREATE TABLE role_permissions (
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role_id BIGINT NOT NULL,
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permission_id BIGINT NOT NULL,
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PRIMARY KEY (role_id, permission_id),
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FOREIGN KEY (role_id) REFERENCES roles(id),
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FOREIGN KEY (permission_id) REFERENCES permissions(id)
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);
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```
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### ER 关系图
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```mermaid
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erDiagram
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users ||--o{ user_roles : "belongs to"
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roles ||--o{ user_roles : "assigned via"
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roles ||--o{ role_permissions : "has"
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permissions ||--o{ role_permissions : "granted through"
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users {
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BIGINT id PK
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varchar username
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varchar password_hash
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tinyint status
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}
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roles {
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BIGINT id PK
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varchar name
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varchar description
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tinyint is_super
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BIGINT parent_id FK
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}
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permissions {
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BIGINT id PK
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varchar code UK
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varchar resource
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varchar action
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}
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user_roles {
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BIGINT user_id PK
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BIGINT role_id PK
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}
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role_permissions {
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BIGINT role_id PK
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BIGINT permission_id PK
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}
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```
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## 核心原理
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### 用户 → 角色 → 权限 的两层映射
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传统 ACL(Access Control List)直接将用户和权限绑定:
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```
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Alice → read_order, write_order, delete_user
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Bob → read_order
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Carol → read_order, write_bucket
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```
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问题在于当需要批量授权时(比如给所有财务加 20 个权限),必须逐一修改每个用户的权限列表。
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RBAC 引入角色层后变成:
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```
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角色定义:
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Finance → 20 个权限(包括 read_order, export_report...)
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Operator → 10 个权限(read_order, write_bucket...)
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用户分配:
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Alice → Finance
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Bob → Operator
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Carol → Operator
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```
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批量调整只需改角色的权限映射,不影响用户。
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### 超级管理员与普通角色的继承
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超级管理员通常拥有所有权限。但直接给 super_admin 角色分配几百条权限记录既繁琐也不优雅。更合理的做法是**继承机制**:
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```sql
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-- 在 roles 表中用 parent_id 表示层级
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INSERT INTO roles (name, is_super, parent_id) VALUES ('super_admin', 1, NULL);
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INSERT INTO roles (name, is_super, parent_id) VALUES ('admin', 0, (SELECT id FROM roles WHERE name='super_admin'));
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INSERT INTO roles (name, is_super, parent_id) VALUES ('finance', 0, (SELECT id FROM roles WHERE name='admin'));
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```
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查询某用户全部权限时递归展开:
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```go
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func (m *AuthManager) GetUserPermissions(ctx context.Context, userID int64) ([]string, error) {
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// 1. 查用户所有角色
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roles, _ := m.db.QueryContext(ctx, `
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SELECT r.id, r.is_super, r.parent_id FROM user_roles ur
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JOIN roles r ON ur.role_id = r.id WHERE ur.user_id = ?`, userID)
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var allCodes []string
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for roles.Next() {
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var role Role
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roles.Scan(&role.ID, &role.IsSuper, &role.ParentID)
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if role.IsSuper {
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return []string{"*"}, nil
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}
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perms, _ := m.getRolePermissionCodes(ctx, role.ID)
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allCodes = append(allCodes, perms...)
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}
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return deduplicate(allCodes), nil
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}
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```
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### 互斥职责分离(Separation of Duty)
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某些场景下同一人不能同时拥有冲突的角色,例如:
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- **申请人与审批人不可同一人** — 你不能批准自己的报销单
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- **出纳与会计不可兼任** — 财务内控基本要求
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实现方式是在角色创建或用户分配时做冲突检测:
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```sql
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-- 假设 conflict_roles 表定义互斥关系
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CREATE TABLE conflict_roles (
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role_a BIGINT NOT NULL,
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role_b BIGINT NOT NULL,
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PRIMARY KEY (role_a, role_b)
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);
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-- 分配角色前检查
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SELECT COUNT(*) FROM conflict_roles cr
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JOIN user_roles ur ON ur.role_id IN (cr.role_a, cr.role_b)
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WHERE ur.user_id = ? AND cr.role_a = ? AND cr.role_b = ?
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```
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> [!WARNING]
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> 互斥约束应该在**分配角色层**校验,而不是每次鉴权时检查。前者是策略问题,后者是执行问题——在入口处挡住比到处拦击效率高得多。
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### 动态权限加载流程
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```mermaid
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sequenceDiagram
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participant User as 用户
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participant API as 认证服务
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participant DB as 数据库
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participant Redis as 缓存
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User->>API: 登录
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API->>DB: 查询用户所有角色
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DB-->>API: 返回角色列表
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API->>DB: 查询各角色的权限码
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DB-->>API: 返回权限码列表
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API->>Redis: 写入用户权限缓存 (TTL=2h)
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Redis-->>API: OK
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API-->>User: 登录成功 + Token
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```
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> [!TIP]
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> 登录时将完整权限树缓存在 Redis 中,鉴权接口只需 O(1) 读取缓存。权限变更时主动删除对应用户的缓存条目,实现最终一致。不要每次都查库。
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## 代码示例:权限中间件(Go)
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```go
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type ContextKey string
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const PermissionKey ContextKey = "permissions"
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func AuthMiddleware(h Handler) http.HandlerFunc {
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return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
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token := extractToken(r)
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claims, _ := jwt.Parse(token)
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userID := claims.UserID
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// 从 Redis 获取权限
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perms, err := cache.GetPermissions(r.Context(), userID)
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if err != nil {
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perms = loadFromDB(userID)
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cache.Set(userID, perms, 2*time.Hour)
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}
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ctx := context.WithValue(r.Context(), PermissionKey, perms)
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h.ServeHTTP(w, r.WithContext(ctx))
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}
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}
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// 检查某个权限
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func HasPermission(ctx context.Context, required string) bool {
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perms := ctx.Value(PermissionKey).([]string)
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for _, p := range perms {
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if p == "*" || p == required {
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return true
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}
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}
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return false
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}
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```
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## 实践场景
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| 场景 | 选型建议 |
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|------|---------|
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| 小型系统(用户 < 100) | 简单角色 + 硬编码判断即可,不必上完整 RBAC |
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| 中型业务系统 | 标准五表 RBAC + Redis 缓存 |
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| 平台型 SaaS | RBAC + 租户隔离(每租户可自定义角色) |
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| 强合规要求(金融/医疗) | RBAC + SoD 互斥约束 + 完整审计日志 |
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## 关联笔记
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- [[OAuth2 与 JWT]]
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